The Classical Economist View on the Importance of Education

INTRODUCTION The world has recorded an improvement in the living standards over the last millennium, most of which can be attributed to the embracing education around the world. Education is a powerful instrument with a huge potential to increase opportunity for individual, community, and countries. It involves the refinement of human resource to explore its infinite potentials to achieve sustenance. It has huge potential to increase human capital in the labor force and also improve the innovative capacity of an economy. Because of the significant impact of education to economic development over the years, early scholars even acknowledged education as a very relevant form of investment in human capital and continue to propose means to†¦show more content†¦Adam Smith also advocates training in the higher sciences which of cause has helped in rapid industrialization of societies by providing the required manpower with technical skills. There continue to be a rise in the rate at which people absorb and disseminate knowledge. Education bring with it enlightenment and self-discipline which if humans possess could help them make right and almost rational decision for themselves which of cause in the end is beneficial to the entire society and country. JS Mill acknowledges by saying giving enlightenment and self-discipline the laboring class could escape the Malthusian trap. He saw education as a way of redistributing income and increasing equality of income. Briddle Davis (2003) confirms that education could raise the psychological subsistence level, thus providing a major check to population. This has a benefit of creating a strong nation that can enjoy better cultural, economic and political benefits. The bottom line is Adam Smith, J.S. Mill and scholars in the classical school in different opinions recognized the necessity for societies to engage in education The Relationship between Education and Economic Growth As noted above, education hasShow MoreRelatedMacro Economics11524 Words   |  47 PagesUnit-1 Q1. Define micro and macro economics, Distinguish between them, and explain the scope, importance and its limitations Ans. modern economy analysis has been divided into two major branches that is micro and macro economics. Micro economics means the economics system which deals individual economics unit on the other hand macro economics means the economics unit which deals aggregate as a whole that is national income, general employment, and total out –put, general price level etc. These twoRead MoreEntrepreneurial Education : The Education System ( Gibb Price, 2014 ) Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesaround the year 2000 till date, entrepreneurial education has taken different approaches in ensuring the effectiveness of the education system (Gibb Price, 2014). These different approaches taken is to ensure the effectiveness and efficiencies of the outcome of entrepreneurial education in achieving its argued importance (Fayolle, 2007). Over time, continuous arguments had arisen among scholars pertaining to the contribution of entrepreneurial education towards influencing students to become entrepreneursRead MoreAggregate Demand And Supply Essay examples1952 Words   |  8 PagesOne group of economists, Keynesians, believe the aggregate demand curve is steep. This is because they think that a rise in the general price level will have only a small impact on the rate of interest and this in turn will have only a small impact on consumption and investment. They a rgue that the demand for money is dominated by the speculative rnotive. This is interest elastic so that an increase in demand for money will cause only a small rise in the rate of interest. In their view the main influenceRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Marxist and Functionalist Interpretations of Education in Society1582 Words   |  7 Pages Sociology Essay Compare and contrast the Marxist and functionalist interpretations of education in society. The role of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare them for working life in the economy, also to integrate individuals and teach them the norms, values and roles within society. There are many different sociological theories that differ within the role of education within society that attempt to try and explain how society or aspects of society work togetherRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Income Inequality1721 Words   |  7 PagesECON1401 Written Assignment 1 – John Stuart Mill and Income Inequality Many great economic thinkers throughout history has offered various differing yet interrelated views and ideas that may prove useful to the analysis of current issues in modern economics. A persistent issue in the modern economy is income inequality whereby the distribution of income among the population is unequal. This means that the gap between the rich and the poor increases over time if the issue is not appropriately addressedRead MoreCurbing Unemployment Through Skills Acquisition: a Study of the National Directorate of Employment (Nde), Kaduna State7193 Words   |  29 Pagesis not definable nor should it be defined†, believes that Henry Hazlutt, it is worth-while analyzing the various views of economists on full employment. The Classical View The classical economists believed in the existence of full employment in the economy. Full employment to them was a normal situation and any deviation from this was regarded as abnormal. To the classical economists â€Å"unemployment resulted from the rigidity in the wage structure and interference in the working of free market systemRead MoreTheories of State: Plato and Kautilya2779 Words   |  12 Pagesextends the definition of justice for a community to the level of an individual. In his book, History of Western Philosophy, Bertrand Russell identifies three groups in the ten books that constitute the Republic – The first five that constitute his views on the Utopia, sixth and the seventh books that talk about the Philosophers and the final three books that deal with the other imperfect forms of Governments. In this project, the focus is mainly on his take on the Ideal State- Plato’s Utopia. Plato’sRead MoreMilton Friedmans Ideas Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Milton Friedman’s ideas where thought to be radical, but he was the most authoritative figure in the economics field in the 20th century, (Placeholder2) and was known most for his thoughts on free enterprise, classical liberalism and limited government. (Placeholder3) His views shaped modern capitalism. (Placeholder2) He was against government intervention and favored free markets (Placeholder6). If you put the federal government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in 5 years thered beRead MoreProfit Maximisation2105 Words   |  9 Pagescorporation, objectives will evolve to meet changing economic conditions. The standard neo-classical assumption is that a business strives to maximize profits. Profit maximization is the process by which a firm determines the price and output level that returns the greatest profit, where marginal cost is equal to the marginal revenue. The theory of a firm tends to make this assumption because despite the growing importance for market survival and frequent calls for corporate social responsibility, creatingRead MoreInequality And Class Conflict : A Labor Theory Perspective3379 Words   |  14 Pageseconomic evolution a persistent wage gap still remains. For many neoclassical economists, the unnaturalness of income inequality and class conflict has been lost to the undergrowth of history. As far back as feudalism, the separation of (as coined by Karl Marx) bourgeoisie and proletariat has been instigated by the uneven distribution of political and capital power. However, in the eyes of many Labor Theory of Value economists, the sanctity of the free economic system is threatened; Adam Smith, Thompson

Taking a Look at the Black Death - 835 Words

The Black Death The Black Death was a very lethal and deadly epidemic. It has been widely debated years ago what the black plague really was, how the epidemic had spread, why and how were the Jewish people were responsible for the outbreak or not, and how people attempted to put a halt to the plague. Even up to this day scientists are still observing the DNA of the infected people found at mass burials . It was such a complex and widespread disease that no one can stop it and it killed a large amount of Europe’s population. It wasn’t one simple disease; there were many mutations and adaptation to it that the thought of treatment was just outrageous. Many Christians and other religions blamed the Jews for the events that had occurred even when they had no considerable evidence that is was the Jewish people who started this outbreak. The Black Death was a devastating event in the history of the world. It has an estimated 70-250 million deaths in the 14th century. There was an overload of bodies to bury therefore the people of the time had to create mass graves for the infected people. Only a few had the reward of being buried in a legitimate cemetery. The disease arrived in Sicily in 1347-it came from trading ships from the black sea. The men on the boats were mysteriously dying from an unknown affliction. The ships were filled with blood and other human fragments. This is why it is called â€Å"the Black Death†. This plague has already entered Egypt, China, India,Show MoreRelatedEssay about Taking a Look Back at the Black Death755 Words   |  4 Pagesbut also was the one responsible for bringing the plague known as the â€Å"Black Death, Great Pestilence, or even the Great Plague;† it was a combination of three different plagues from three different bacterial strains: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic (Background Essay). No matter which type one was affected by, it almost always led to a death, agonizing death. When Europe and the Middle East were struck with the Black Death in the mid-14th century, religion was the most important aspect of everyone’sRead MoreEssay about Black on Black Crime928 Words   |  4 PagesBlack on black violence is an enormous problem in the African-American community. Living in a neighborhood that is mostly minority, many may have witnessed a lot of black on black violence. The black on black violence has continued to arise in many communities and continues to be a problem around the world. Black on black violence is ignorant, and many black Americans should be coming together instead of killing one another. African-Americans people should be helping each other achieve in the worldRead MoreThe Language Of Contemporary Art1729 Words   |  7 PagesPlayful In this image the children appear playful and in a relaxed environment su rrounded by adults taking care of them. They appear to be in the age range of 3 to 6 years old. Sign 2 Adults Grown up Nurturing Mature Elder Respected The adults seem to be taking care of the children and are depicted as being caring, friendly, loving, attached to the children. They remind me of teachers taking care of children in a kindergarten. Sign 3 Lying Down Resting Napping Sleeping Relaxed The man holdingRead MoreThe Ad On Gun Violence1444 Words   |  6 Pageswhether the gun laws are strict enough. It is sad to hear about some sort of gun violence or death of a person each day on the news or social media. Each day more and more lives are affected and thought of not seeing tomorrow arises. The question comes up of how the United States can stop the casualties of thousands. The answer is to get rid of handguns. The best way to put a stop to all of these deaths is showing awareness. The author of the poster tries to portray a huge public service announcementRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown and the Ministers Black Veil Essay1054 Words   |  5 PagesWhen taking a look at America’s short but significant history, we find that this nation was partly founded through religious ideals. Since its beginning, religion has helped to define the American Identity into what it is today. And this was explored throughout American literature especially in the Hawthorneâ€⠄¢s The Minister’s Black Veil and Young Goodman Brown. Hawthorne’s The Minister’s Black Veil is a parable, suggests his purpose for writing. According to Webster’s dictionary, a parable is aRead MoreMedieval Diseases And Treatment Research1026 Words   |  5 Pagestime, there was the Black Death, leprosy, measles, and typhoid fever. These were most likely transported because of dirty bedsheets and blankets, unwashed clothing, and rodents. The treatments for these diseases and other things, such as medicine for stomach pains, medicine for wounds, and medicine for headaches, are different from today’s standards. The name of Black Death arrived because of the symptoms that were present. When a person has been affected by Black Death, they would have blackenedRead MoreAre You a Reaper?1091 Words   |  4 Pagespage, bookmarked by a single cut gold thread. The ends frayed from years of use, yet the shine still there. Even after so many years. The owner of the hand smiles, her unusual blue eyes dull with unseen age. Long black hair cascading down her back. The darkness blurring with her black robes. Her face young. Unblemished. Impossibly so even as her eyes show a great number of years. Their irises showing the only color. Blue. Impossible. Yet here they were. Piercing, scanning the pages until they landRead MoreResearch on The Black Death Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pagesof course, of the Black Death of Europe. The Black Death or as its also known as â€Å"Bubonic Plague†, was a serious pandemic that infected Europe and nearly wiped out 60% of its population during its 2 year spread all across Europe. A rough estimate of about 60-200 million people were claimed as victims of The Black Death. At the time, which was around the 1400s, there was no way to cure the sickness and if you had it, you most likely were left to die in the streets. The Black death lingered on for centuriesRead MoreDr. Gaines s A Lesson Before Dying1187 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough death is a constant presence in E arnest J. Gaines’s A Lesson Before Dying, in the deep South, death by electrocution was most common. Even though death is a standard occurrence in the novel, these events are still notorious for being disturbing to any witness of them, white or black. When is it justified to sentence a man to death for committing homicide? Could the word justice suffice? Did equality seem fitting? Is it in fact a lesson learned? It seems impossible to be taught a lesson whenRead MoreThe Black Death1060 Words   |  5 PagesThe Black Death, a term coined in the sixteenth century refers to the pandemic that cut Europe’s population nearly in half from 1348-1350. The disease is thought to have come from Central Asia through the trade routes. Taking a ride from the trade ships, black rats, which carry the disease infected fleas, were introduced into European ports. From the ports, the disease eventually spread to the rest of Europe. The disease was caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis. This bacteria caused three types

Basketball in NS Essay Example For Students

Basketball in NS Essay Basketball was first introduced to Nova Scotia as early as 1895 but in the past thirty years the popularity of the sport has really taken off. The high concentration of universities in the province, the tradition and esteem of the high school programs, and the continued support from a large and knowledgeable basketball community have made the game a staple of Nova Scotia life, culminating with the capital city of Halifax becoming known as the basketball capital of Canada. When you talk about basketball in the Maritimes you can break it down into different levels of competition. There are the club systems throughout the province, the regional and provincial teams, then high school basketball, then you have to look at intercollegiate basketball, and finally pro basketball that was here for a short period of time. Another way of looking at how the sport has come along in the past thirty years is by focusing on the people who have been an integral part in its development. People such as Bob Douglas, Mickey Fox, Ritchie Spears, Brian Heaney, Steve Konchalski, and Bill Robinson, who through different roles have made and continue to make an impact on basketball in this province. Others who will not be discussed as much but whose role was just as important are those who laid the groundwork for all of the aforementioned. People such as Stu Aberdeen who created a legacy at Acadia University and in the process developed some of the best coaches this province has ever seen. Others like Al Yarr, Terry Symonds, and Frank Baldwin, whose tremendous efforts at the minor, high school, university, and national levels earned him the name Mr. Basketball. The foundation that was set by these people has allowed basketball to flourish in Nova Scotia on every level. In the 1970s basketball in Nova Scotia was starting to gain popularity and in the minor system, the community YMCA and the Halifax Martyrs started basketball programs that provided children with an opportunity to play. At the high school level the Nova Scotia School Athletic Federation took control of administering interscholastic athletics in 1971 and made many changes which improved the league. One of the improvements was to change the provincial format to qualify eight teams instead of just four, which allowed for more excitement as underdog schools had a chance to upset higher ranked teams en route to the championship. This led to many first time winners as teams from around the province such as Liverpool and Amherst Regional won the championship in the early part of the decade. Another first time winner was Halifax West as traditional powerhouses from Queen Elizabeth and St. Patricks faced greater competition. Another sign of the games popularity was the fact that it was being p layed in the summer time. After watching rare broadcasts of NBA playoffs, in which one of the halftime events was pitting the greatest players in the game one on one, this format was adopted in Halifax and tournaments were held with the winner gaining bragging rights throughout the city. At the university level, Brian Heaney took over as coach of the St. Marys Huskies. The former Acadia superstar took over the Huskies in 1971 and for the next eight years under his reign St. Marys replaced Acadia as the premiere basketball squad in the province. During the decade St. Marys won the national championships in 1973, 78, and 79 respectively and reached the finals on two other occasions. The Axemen remained highly competitive and won the nationals in 1971 and 1977. They were a formidable opponent for the Huskies, which resulted in one of the greatest intercollegiate rivalries in the provinces history. The two strong teams made the Atlantic Universities Athletic Association the strongest co nference in the country for the first time as Acadia or SMU captured five national championships during the decade. (1) Some of the star university players during that time period were Mickey Fox, Steve Konchalski, and Fred Perry, all of whom are still very active within the Nova Scotia basketball community. Konchalski is presently coaching the St. FX X-men and has had a legendary career while Fox and Perry have been instrumental in developing the game in different communities throughout the province. Although it is not specific to basketball it is worth mentioning that after the 1971 Canada Games in Saskatchewan, premier Gerald Regan, aware that something had to be done after a poor performance, organized a committee, which came up with legislature that resulted in a department of recreation. It was the first of its kind in Canada because it was an independent body responsible for the promotion of sport, culture, and recreation. The Terry Symonds TournamentAnother event that starte d in the 70s was the first Provincial Black Basketball Tournament. It began in the summer of 1973 at the St. Pats gym in Halifax with hardly any publicity but it continued the next summer and has grown into what is now called the Terry Symonds Invitational Basketball Tournament. It was named after the man who devoted his time and effort not only to basketball but also to the black community as a whole. When Symonds died in 1990 from leukemia the tournament was named in his honour with the majority of the proceeds going towards charity. The event will be in its 28th year of existence this summer and it attracts some of the best basketball talent ever seen in Nova Scotia. Teams from N.S., all over Canada, and the U.S., compete in different divisions with the A division consisting of only players who have played at the university level or pro. The tournament is more than just a sporting event, though. Its a social and cultural event as well, with dances and other activities supplementi ng the games. (2) Another contribution is the motivation that the tournament provides for the kids of the different communities. Coaches have been known to attend games for scouting purposes and it is a way for talented athletes to get recognized and possibly attend university because of it. The strength of the AUAA in the seventies was not carried through to the 80s, as the University of Victoria were the undisputed champions of university basketball in Canada from 1980-1986 followed by three consecutive wins by the Brandon Bobcats. The talent pool in maritime university basketball seemed to be at least temporarily dried up. With the western schools having a lock on university basketball many critics questioned the amount of talent in Nova Scotia saying that the wins by Acadia and St. Marys in the 70s were largely due to the fact that a lot of the star players were not home grown products. This placed a lot of pressure on the 1987 Canada Games team to show once and for all that Nov a Scotia was rich in basketball talent. Bev Greenlaw was chosen as the head coach with Mark Parker assisting and the NS team featured Augie Jones and Wade Smith who were St. FX stars at the time, along with three front line players from Acadia University. The team gained important victories over Manitoba and Ontario in the preliminary round. Since the games were held in Nova Scotia there was a lot of support as 1200 people packed the gym at Breton Educational Centre to watch as Nova Scotia dominated the Quebec team in the final on their way to a 91-76 victory. The victory was a defining moment for the development of the game in Nova Scotia because we were able to prove to the rest of the country that our minor league and high school teams could produce high quality players. At the high school level during the 80s, QEH was the dominant force as they won several provincial titles and also tournaments all over the country. Bob Douglas who has become a local legend coached the team; his coaching success at QEH spanned three decades and has coached or influenced almost all of the best players that ever came out of Nova Scotia. In the 80s alone the QEH Lions won four consecutive provincial titles and Douglas was recognized with the National Association of Basketball Coaches. The high school league in general was very competitive and by the mid point of the 1980s basketball was the most popular sport by both girls and boys at the high school level. All throughout the province great teams were being developed along with outstanding individual players. Some of the strongest teams during the 80s along with the Lions were the Windsor Warlords under Ian MacMillan and Roger Caulfield, the Horton Griffins under Tim Kendrick, the Dartmouth High Spartans, the Cobequid Cougars, the St. Patricks fighting Irish, the Parkview Panthers, and the Halifax west Warriors under Nick Morash. Also, for the first time in the 1980s people were able to watch via cable NBA and NCAA basketball games. This provided athletes with heroes like Julius Erving, Magic Johnson, and Larry Bird, and it also turned them into more knowledgeable basketball fans. University basketball clinics became very popular during this time span and basketball became a year round sport as kids became more dedicated to the game. As a result minor programs saw participation levels skyrocket and kids who were coming out of them to join high school teams had a greater understanding of the fundamentals and were ready to take it to the next level. Some of the other changes that occurred is that you saw athletes with better physical attributes. By training, dieting and practicing the athletes were able to jump higher and run faster and changed how the game was played throughout the province. CIAU Final 8The CIAU (now CIS) final 8 tournament is the national basketball championships for Canadian Universities. Since 1986 the tournament has been held at the Halifax Metro Centre and has met great success. Bef ore that it was held at different locations throughout Canada with varying results but no city came close to Halifax. The fans showed incredible support throughout the years, even when Maritime teams werent in contention. A womans self esteem EssayYoung, A.J.(1988). Beyond Heroes: A Sport History of Nova Scotia. Hantsport, NS: Lancelot Press. Douglas, Bob. (2000). Life is a Ball: 50 Years of Nova Scotia Sport. Halifax, NS: Links Publishing. Morrow, D., Keyes, M., Simpson,W., Cosentino, F., Lappage, R. (1989). A Concise History of Sport In Canada. Toronto, ON: Oxford University Press. http://www.basketballns.caSaunders, C. (1993, May 2). Hoops: Symonds tourney a cultural event. The Halifax Daily News, p. 29. Connolly, P. (1995, December 24). Halifax has earned the moniker of Canadas basketball capital. The Halifax Daily News. Bezanson, S. (1984, July 25). Halifax being considered for CBA franchise. The Chronicle Herald. Words/ Pages : 2,909 / 24

Tobacco Smoke Essays - Smoking, Tar, Sidestream Smoke,

Tobacco Smoke Did you know that most people are at the risk of dying from just breathing the air around them? Every day at least ninety-five percent of American people suffer from (E.T.S.) Environmental Tobacco Smoke, or more commonly known as second hand smoke. For those that are not familiar with what second hand smoke is let me explain it to you. Second hand smoke is a mixture of the smoke exhaled by smokers and the smoke that comes from the burning ends of cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. This smoke contains about 4,000 substances in which about fifty percent of these toxic substances can cause cancer and other bodily problems. Environmental Tobacco Smoke has been a problem for many years, but through intense research from many physicians, non-smokers are finally getting the respect they deserve. Smokers now have to smoke outside of public places. While some non-smokers ignore the dangers involved with tobacco smoke others are struggling to live another day. Environmental Tobacco Smoke is made up of both a gas phase and a particulate phase. Together they include more than 4,000 substances. Automatic tobacco-puffing machines have been invented to collect and to study the smoke. In recent years studies have shown us the most hazardous of these chemicals. Tar is considered the deadliest of all the substances. Other chemicals found in tobacco smoke that are hazardous to us are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carboxyhemoglobin, and nicotine (Mendelson and Mello 33-35). During the burning process of tobacco the tip of the burning cone (the center of the pipe, cigarette, and or cigar) reaches a temperature of nearly 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit during a puff. This tiny blast furnace results in a miniature chemical plant, which uses the hundreds of available materials to produce many more. In fact, some of the most important part of tobacco smoke (including tar and carbon monoxide) are not even present in an unburned phase of a tobacco product, but rather are produced when a puff is taken (Mendelson and Mello 37-38). Other studies have shown that indoor environmental tobacco smoke changes the tobacco substance in the gas phase. As tobacco smoke is discharged into an indoor environment, diluted, re-circulated within and vented from the indoor environment, changes occur in both its chemical makeup phases. Making the gas phase substance more harmful than being in a outdoor environment (Ecobichon and Wu 3-4). Tobacco products produce two kinds of smoke, mainstream and sidestream. Mainstream smoke is the smoke that smokers inhale into their lungs. Sidestream smoke is the smoke that is exhaled by the smoker. The average smoker inhales ten two-second puffs of mainstream smoke from the tobacco product they are smoking. As the cigarette, pipe, or cigar sits it releases waves of sidestream smoke into the air. According to some scientists, sidestream smoke is even more dangerous than mainstream smoke. In a recent article produced by the Iowa Medical Society it states that sidestream smoke contains five times the carbon monoxide, three times the tar and nicotine, and up to fifty times the number of carcinogens found in mainstream smoke. A study reported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences confirms that second-hand smoke contains up to fifty times more carcinogens (Ling et al. 92). Carcinogens are described in the Webster's dictionary as being a substance that produces a malignant tumor, or cancer in a living cell (Landoll et al. 71). In today's society people are aware that tobacco smoke is unhealthy, but most choose not to become concerned with what this chemical does to their bodies. With the amount of smokers in today's society, Environmental Tobacco Smoke has diluted are air with thousands of chemicals that causes severe damage to both our inner and exterior body components. Doctor Ameron of Atlanta Georgia writes that six out of ten non-smokers will end up with reduced lung functioning and or upper or lower respiratory problems. According to Ameron, secondhand smoke is even more dangerous than mainstream smoke. He also states that breathing tobacco smoke can aggravate the condition of people with allergies or with lung, heart, or respiratory problems. Sufferers with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, for instance, are made extremely uncomfortable by severe air pollution. Yet the levels of carbon monoxide and other pollutants in smoke-filled rooms may be as high or higher than those that occur during air pollution emergencies (Berger 81-87). According to a Health Advocate Magazine, research from different physicians show that Environmental Tobacco Smoke can cause severe heart conditions, and assorted respiratory problems by being exposed to the smoke for a period of time. Even perfectly

The phenomenon of bipolar affective disorder has b Essay Example For Students

The phenomenon of bipolar affective disorder has b Essay een a mystery sincethe 16th century. History has shown that this affliction can appear inalmost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed tohave had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many peoplelive with bipolar disorder; however, despite the abundance of peoplesuffering from the it, we are still waiting for definite explanationsfor the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are painfully awareis that bipolar disorder severely undermines its victims ability toobtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because bipolardisorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is imperative that we remainvigilant in the quest for explanations of its causes and treatment. Affective disorders are characterized by a smorgasbord of symptomsthat can be broken into manic and depressive episodes. The depressiveepisodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness and despairthat can become feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Some of thesymptoms of a d epressive episode include anhedonia, disturbances insleep and appetite, psycomoter retardation, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, indecision, and recurrentthoughts of death and suicide (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). The manicepisodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increasedenergy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and oftenreckless or irresponsible behavior (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). Bipolaraffective disorder affects approximately one percent of the population(approximately three million people) in the United States. It ispresented by both males and females. Bipolar disorder involves episodesof mania and depression. These episodes may alternate with profounddepressions characterized by a pervasive sadness, almost inability tomove, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, inconcentrations and driving. We will write a custom essay on The phenomenon of bipolar affective disorder has b specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whetherdepression has been diagnosed or not (Goodwin, Guze, 1989, p 11). Mostcommonly, individuals with manic episodes experience a period ofdepression. Symptoms include elated, expansive, or irritable mood,hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated selfesteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessiveinvolvement in reckless activities (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). Rarestsymptoms were periods of loss of all interest and retardation oragitation (Weisman, 1991). As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA)has demonstrated, bipolar disorder can create substantial developmentaldelays, marital and family disruptions, occupational setbacks, andfinancial disasters. This devastating disease causes disruptions offamilies, loss of jobs and millions of dollars in cost to society. Manytimes bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer andincrease in frequency as the individual ages. Many times bipolar statesand psychotic states are misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. Speech patternshelp distinguish between the two disorders (Lish, 1994). The onset of Bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of 20and 30 years of age, with a second peak in the mid-forties for women. Atypical bipolar patient may experience eight to ten episodes in theirlifetime. However, those who have rapid cycling may experience moreepisodes of mania and depression that succeed each other without aperiod of remission (DSM III-R). The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, in which patientsreport that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive (Hirschfeld,1995). The hypomania state has led observers to feel that bipolarpatients are addicted to their mania. Hypomania progresses into maniaand the transition is marked by loss of judgment (Hirschfeld, 1995). Often, euphoric grandiose characteristics are displayed, and paranoid orirritable characteristics begin to manifest. The third stage of maniais evident when the patient experiences delusions with often paranoidthemes. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior manifestssometimes associated with violence (Hirschfeld, 1995). When both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same time itis called a mixed episode. Those afflicted are a special risk becausethere is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiety thatmakes them feel like they could jump out of their skin(Hirschfeld,1995). Up to 50% of all patients with mania have a mixture of depressedmoods. Patients report feeling dysphoric, depressed, and unhappy; yet,they exhibit the energy associated with mania. Rapid cycling mania isanother presentation of bipolar disorder. Mania may be present withfour or more distinct episodes within a 12 month period. There is nowevidence to suggest that sometimes rapid cycling may be a transientmanifestation of the bipolar disorder. This form of the diseaseexhibits more episodes of mania and depression than bipolar. .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 , .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .postImageUrl , .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 , .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7:hover , .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7:visited , .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7:active { border:0!important; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7:active , .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Petrified Man By Eudora Welty EssayLithium has been the primary treatment of bipolar disorder sinceits introduction in the 1960s. It is main function is to stabilize thecycling characteristic of bipolar disorder. In four controlled studiesby F. K. Goodwin and K. R. Jamison, the overall response rate forbipolar subjects treated with Lithium was 78% (1990). Lithium is alsothe primary drug used for long- term maintenance of bipolar disorder. In a majority of bipolar patients, it lessens the duration, frequency,and severity of the episodes of both mania and depression. Unfortunately, as many as 40% of bipolar patients are eitherunresponsive to lithium or can not tolerate the side effects. Some ofthe side effects include thirst, weight gain, nausea, diarrhea, andedema. Patients who are unresponsive to lithium treatment are oftenthose who experience dysphoric mania, mixed states, or rapid cyclingbipolar disorder. One of the problems associated with lithium is the fact thelong-term lithium treatment has been associated with decreased thyroidfunctioning in patients with bipolar disorder. Preliminary evidencealso suggest that hypothyroidism may actually lead to rapid-cycling(Bauer et al., 1990). Another problem associated with the use oflithium is experienced by pregnant women. Its use during pregnancy hasbeen associated with birth defects, particularly Ebsteins anomaly. Based on current data, the risk of a child with Ebsteins anomaly beingborn to a mother who took lithium during her first trimester ofpregnancy is approximately 1 in 8,000, or 2.5 times that of the generalpopulation (Jacobson et al., 1992). There are other effective treatments for bipolar disorder that areused in cases where the patients cannot tolerate lithium or have beenunresponsive to it in the past.The American Psychiatric Associationsguidelines suggest the next line of treatment to be Anticonvulsantdrugs such as valproate and carbamazepine. These drugs are useful asantimanic agents, especially in those patients with mixed states. Bothof these medications can be used in combination with lithium or incombination with each other. Valproate is especially helpful forpatients who are lithium noncompliant, experience rapid-cycling, or havecomorbid alcohol or drug abuse. Neuroleptics such as haloperidol or chlorpromazine have also beenused to help stabilize manic patients who are highly agitated orpsychotic. Use of these drugs is often necessary because the responseto them are rapid, but there are risks involved in their use. Becauseof the often severe side effects, Benzodiazepines are often used intheir place. Benzodiazepines can achieve the same results asNeuroleptics for most patients in terms of rapid control of agitationand excitement, without the severe side effects. Antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) fluovamine and amitriptyline have also been used by somedoctors as treatment for bipolar disorder. A double-blind study by M. Gasperini, F. Gatti, L. Bellini, R.Anniverno, and E. Smeraldi showedthat fluvoxamine and amitriptyline are highly effective treatments forbipolar patients experiencing depressive episodes (1992). This study iscontroversial however, because conflicting research shows that SSRIsand other antidepressants can actually precipitate manic episodes. Mostdoctors can see the usefulness of antidepressants when used inconjunction with mood stabilizing medications such as lithium. In addition to the mentioned medical treatments of bipolardisorder, there are several other options available to bipolar patients,most of which are used in conjunction with medicine. One such treatmentis light therapy. One study compared the response to light therapy ofbipolar patients with that of unipolar patients. Patients were free ofpsychotropic and hypnotic medications for at least one month beforetreatment. Bipolar patients in this study showed an average of 90.3%improvement in their depressive symptoms, with no incidence of mania orhypomania. They all continued to use light therapy, and all showed asustained positive response at a three month follow-up (Hopkins andGelenberg, 1994). Another study involved a four week treatment ofbright morning light treatment for patients with seasonal affectivedisorder and bipolar patients. This study found a statisticallysignificant decrement in depressive symptoms, with the maximumantidepressant effect of light not being reached until week four (Baur,Kurtz, Rubin, and Markus, 1994). Hypomanic symptoms were experienced by36% of bipolar patients in this study. Predominant hypomanic symptomsincluded racing thoughts, deceased sleep and irritability. Surprisingly, one-third of controls also developed symptoms such asthose mentioned above. Regardless of the explanation of the emergenceof hypomanic symptoms in undiagnosed controls, it is evident from thisstudy that light treatment may be associated with the observedsymptoms. Based on the results, careful professional monitoring duringlight treatment is necessary, even for those without a history of majormood disorders. .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 , .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .postImageUrl , .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 , .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213:hover , .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213:visited , .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213:active { border:0!important; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213:active , .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nutrition vs. sport performance EssayAnother popular treatment for bipolar disorder iselectro-convulsive shock therapy. ECT is the preferred treatment forseverely manic pregnant patients and patients who are homicidal,psychotic, catatonic, medically compromised, or severely suicidal. Inone study, researchers found marked improvement in 78% of patientstreated with ECT, compared to 62% of patients treated only with lithiumand 37% of patients who received neither, ECT or lithium (Black et al.,1987). A final type of therapy that I found is outpatient grouppsychotherapy. According to Dr. John Graves, spokesperson for TheNational Depressive and Manic Depressive Association has c alledattention to the value of support groups, and challenged mental healthprofessionals to take a more serious look at group therapy for thebipolar population. Research shows that group participation may help increase lithiumcompliance, decrease denial regarding the illness, and increaseawareness of both external and internal stress factors leading to manicand depressive episodes. Group therapy for patients with bipolardisorders responds to the need for support and reinforcement ofmedication management, and the need for education and support for theinterpersonal difficulties that arise during the course of the disorder. ReferencesBauer, M.S., Kurtz, J.W., Rubin, L.B., and Marcus, J.G. (1994). Mood and Behavioral effects of four-week light treatment in winter depressivesand controls. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 28, 2: 135-145. Bauer, M.S., Whybrow, P.C. and Winokur, A. (1990). RapidCycling Bipolar Affective Disorder: I. Association with grade Ihypothyroidism. Archives of General Psychiatry. 47: 427-432. Black, D.W., Winokur, G., and Nasrallah, A. (1987). Treatment ofMania: A naturalistic study of electroconvulsive therapy versus lithiumin 438 patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 48: 132-139. Gasperini, M., Gatti, F., Bellini, L., Anniverno, R., Smeralsi,E., (1992). Perspectives in clinical psychopharmacology ofamitriptyline and fluvoxamine. Pharmacopsychiatry. 26:186-192. Goodwin, F.K., and Jamison, K.R. (1990). Manic DepressiveIllness. New York: Oxford University Press. Goodwin, Donald W. and Guze, Samuel B. (1989). PsychiatricDiagnosis. Fourth Ed. Oxford University. p.7. Hirschfeld, R.M. (1995). Recent Developments in ClinicalAspects of Bipolar Disorder. The Decade of the Brain. NationalAlliance for the Mentally Ill. Winter. Vol. VI. Issue II. Hollandsworth, James G. (1990). The Physiology of PsychologicalDisorders. Plenem Press. New York and London. P.111. Hopkins, H.S. and Gelenberg, A.J. (1994). Treatment of BipolarDisorder: How Far Have We Come? Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 30(1): 27-38. Jacobson, S.J., Jones, K., Ceolin, L., Kaur, P., Sahn, D.,Donnerfeld, A.E., Rieder, M., Santelli, R., Smythe, J., Patuszuk, A.,Einarson, T., and Koren, G.,(1992). Prospective multicenter study ofpregnancy outcome after lithium exposure during the first trimester. Laricet. 339: 530-533. Lish, J.D., Dime-Meenan, S., Whybrow, P.C., Price, R.A. andHirschfeld, R.M. (1994). The National Depressive and Manic DepressiveAssociation (DMDA) Survey of Bipolar Members. Affective Disorders. 31:pp.281-294. Weisman, M.M., Livingston, B.M., Leaf, P.J., Florio, L.P.,Holzer, C. (1991). Psychiatric Disorders in America. AffectiveDisorders. Free Press.

Barriers in Business Communication

Barriers in Business Communication Communication is essentially the process by which information is transferred from the source to the desired actual recipient(s) through a medium. The medium is the route by which the message is transmitted. Once the receiver of the information gets the message they are bound to give a feedback or act to the message given.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Barriers in Business Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various forms of communication within a work place and each organization will use the form of communication that suits them best. Whichever form of communication used is not an issue so long as the information gets to the right recipient and at the correct time. Business communication is therefore an important tool in the workplace. This is because of the fact that organizations are essentially made up of people who have to communicate to each other so as to ensure smooth running of the operations and fulfillment of organizational goals and objectives. Due to this, communication is among the top management principles of any organization (Kondrat, 2009, p.1). Through communication all the other systems of the organization can be well monitored and run. It is true to say that communication is the backbone of any organization since without communication the top management will not be able to delegate duties, the workers will not be in a position to know what they are obliged to do in time, changes in the organization will not be known and also the organization will not be able to know what their competitors are doing. Communication Barriers The workplace environment is made up of a range of factors some of which affect the communication systems in an organization. These factors include personal factors of an individual, those that bring visual problems by hindering the message and last but not least the auditory factors. Visual factors will comprise of distance, lightening, weather conditions, the visibility and the angle of viewing. A clear example is when there is not enough lighting in a room, the people inside will not be able to communicate effectively. Auditory factors will involve factors such as noise, echoing or the distance between the sender and receiver. A good example is people working in factories that produce a lot of noise during their operations. Other barriers of communication in the work place include; Conflict In cases where the superiors are not in good terms with the subordinates then communication becomes a problem. The workers will not be ready to listen to whatever is being said since they have conflicted in other grounds. When this happens it is always advisable that peace is made as early as possible so as not to affect the operations of the organization.Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Poor Timing Good timing of the message to be communicated is always very important. In cases where the message reaches the recipients earlier or later than desired it may not be well perceived. For example if the top management issues a notice whose deadline is very near, the workers may not welcome it as they may not have adequate time to achieve it because of their duties. Attitude The attitude or behavior of either the giver or receiver of the information may affect communication (Kondrat, 2009, p.1). If the receiver of the massage is not willing to receive the message then communication will not take place. In the same way the sender of the message may not be willing to send the message, for example if the workers are not ready to voice out their side of the story then the management may not be able to know their problems hence ineffective communication. Conclusion From the above discussion, communication is thus very essential in the organization and should be properly manag ed if at all the organization is to be successful. The main objective of communication is to make sure that the information is correctly delivered and feedback given. By understanding the possible factors that may affect communication in an organization, it is possible to take measures to counteract them hence making communication effective. Since in most cases in an organization the senders of the messages are the top management they should therefore make sure that the information they send will be well received by the employees. They should get appropriate channels of communication and also good timing of the message. For example calling a parade just before the employees have had their lunch will be a waste of time as no one will be ready to listen to you. In such a case the management ought to be clever enough such that the give incentives just before communicating to their subordinates as way of encouraging them to listen. It is for the same reason that the sitting allowance is given for meetings. Reference List Kondrat, A. (2009). Effective Communication in the Workplace. Web.

Artificial Intelligence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Artificial Intelligence - Research Paper Example This study seeks to understand the behaviour in humans and animals, and the hope to reproduce it after extensive analysis. As such, AI has become a significant subject in computer science owing to numerous studies on intelligent behaviour through computer simulation. The simulations are geared towards influencing similar intelligent traits on to agents that perceive their environment and takes appropriate action to ensure success. The discipline is subdivided into various fields depending on their area of study and application of their product. These fields include statistical analysis, psychology, cognition, biology among others. However, the different fields often fail to communicate with each other owing to social, cultural and ethical factors, which limit the success of artificial intelligence. Although AI research does not aim at wholly imitating human intelligence, evidence exists that suggests human intelligence is a key tacit heuristic to AI researchers and strongly affects A I studies (Prudkov, 2010). In this regard, intelligence is described as a set of properties of mind, which include the ability to plan, solve problems and reason out depending on the presented stimuli. The replication of intelligence based on human and animal behaviour produces intelligent agents, which have the capacity to respond to the environment in natural way. For instance, artificial intelligence in machines coupled with algorithms, enables them to solve complex problems in humanistic fashion. In essence, AI seeks to produce useful machines that are guided by human-like intelligence and behavioural traits. The history of artificial intelligence dates back to mid-1950s where researchers wrote programs that allowed computers to solve algebraic expressions, confirming logical theorems as well as speak English. This application AI holds similar characteristics with the methods used to study cognition in experimental psychology. These methods include the measurement of IQ levels, which requires that the thinking, reasoning and learning skills be gauged to establish the level of perceptual skills.AI and psychology disciplines have naturally interacted with each other to borrow concepts while criticising the weaknesses of the other. However, it is important that psychologist and AI researchers work together as cognitive scientists in order to understand the human cognition and its incorporation into intelligent agents. The success of such research has seen the development of advanced and highly effective technological systems with industrial and social application. These technologies have illustrated the potential within AI research by developing sophisticated methods of solving problems through robust diagnostic and planning systems. Artificial intelligence is housed in sophisticated hardware systems that have evolved over time based on technological advances. Historically, the hardware system was based on vacuum tubes as established with the production of th e first generation computers. Over the years, technological advance have seen the vacuum tubes replaced by microchips to build smaller and faster hardware components for artificial intelligence. The hardware is controlled be a set of instruction in the form of software and applications, which perform designated tasks and yield results. The interaction between the hardware and software